If you're leaving in November and plan on being back in NJ by Thanksgiving you have about 4 weeks if you depart on the 1st. You seem to already have a lot of destinations on your schedule for that amount of time. Remember the trip I took covered half the highlights you have planned in 3 weeks, and in the end we felt it would have been better if we spent more time at less destinations. Don't underestimate the wear, tear, fatigue and annoyance of driving, unpacking, packing back up and driving some more every day, with intermittent stops of 4 hours to a day of walking around all day sightseeing.
Some suggestions I'd make:
- After Chicago, go through Badlands SD and take the scenic loop. Try to arrive early AM and plan on lots of stops to see the landscape, but most are just a short walk from the parking lot. Of course, if you want to and the weather cooperates, you can go hiking for hours. Bring your own food/drink.
- Leave Badlands and stop at the "World Famous" Wall Drug. After over 1,000 miles of billboards, you'll never sleep again unless see what all the hoopla is about. Lots of souvenir shops and tourist attractions. Worth the 2-4 hours to browse and eat.
- Stay overnight near Rapid City or Hot Springs, then head down to Custer State Park before going on to Mount Rushmore. Custer is a beautiful, huge nature reserve that features herds of Buffalo and other wildlife in abundance. There's an easy-to-drive gravel road through the park about 2/3 the way in that will take you through rolling hills and up close enough to Buffalo and deer to smell their breath. Bring your own food and drink.
Deadwood can be an interesting stop, but it takes you about 4 hours out of your way. Sturgis isn't much to see when the bike rally isn't there, and you can buy cheap Sturgis souvenirs at virtually every service area along the highway in South Dakota.
In November the weather might be a limiting factor, but both Badlands and Custer should be drivable in your rig unless there's a huge storm. But I think you'll be OK early in November, just watch the cross-winds on I-70 because, as the locals in that area will tell you, there's just a scrubby bush and two barbed-wire fences between you and the North Pole.
There's not much to do at around Mount Rushmore except look at the sculpture for an hour or so. You can go off-roading in the Black Hills, but this might not be a good idea with snow on the ground unless you can hook-up with the local 4WD group there. But there are underground caverns you can tour that provides a few hours of enjoyable entertainment. Make sure to bring a jacket and wear shoes with good traction. Skip the Crazy Horse monument -- the admission price is not worth the experience.
Devils Tower is an interesting phenomena, but like Mount Rushmore, there's not much to do except look and take pictures. You can walk entirely around the tower, which will take most of the day. Weather and skill permitting, you can try to climb the tower, but it is by no means an easy climb, and I don't sense you're a professional climber. Beside, it will be cold, windy and quite possibly snowing at this elevation.
Highways in South Dakota and Wyoming, particularly the mountain pass between them, can be closed due to snow. I don't know if that will be a problem early in November, but it is possible in late November.
You need to check road closings for Yellowstone before planning a trip to the park. My recollection is that most of the roads close to wheeled vehicles in November, and do not open to snowmobiles until sometime in December. Trust me when I tell you that you don't have enough time in 4 weeks to walk, snowshoe, cross-country ski or ride on horseback through YNP. If the roads are open, the concessions will probably be closed for the season, but given the outrageous prices and slim selections, you're better off bringing your own food anyway.
In fact, you're better off bringing your own food, snacks and beverages at any of the national parks. Unfortunately, the park service sells franchises to private companies to operate the parks and do not regulate the prices charged. As a result, everything is movie-theater-priced or worse.
South of YNP is Teton National Park, and South of that is Jackson Hole. Teton Park seems like an extension of YNP, but there's a few mild backroads you can explore if the snow isn't too deep. 1 hour further South is Jackson Hole, which is worth stopping at if you have the time. You can ride the Gondola to the top -- over 14,000 feet -- and stay at one of the lodges at the base and eat at one of the restaurants.
If you're going to bypass Moab you might consider Bryce Canyon in Utah. Mormon Square in SLC and Brigham Young University are also worth visiting for 1/2 day each.
Of course, I'm not sure how much of that can realistically be packed-in to your existing schedule. If I had to prioritize, Badlands would be my #1 recommendation, Bryce my #2 and Custer State Park #3.